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France top country in Europe for ordering non-EU citizens to leave

When it comes to the number of non-EU citizens ordered to leave the country France is far ahead of the rest of Europe, new figures have revealed.

Published: 5 April 2023 15:33 CEST

France top country in Europe for ordering non-EU citizens to leave

Photo by ERIC PIERMONT / AFP

More than 422,000 non-EU citizens were ordered to leave EU countries in 2022, according to new data published by the EU statistical office Eurostat. The figure represents an increase of almost a quarter compared to 2021, when the number was around 342,000.

The Eurostat data does not give the reasons that people were ordered to leave, but the most common reasons for being ordered to leave a country are overstaying visa limits or breaching visa rules (for example working while on a non-working visa). It is also common for foreign criminals to be served with a deportation order after completing a jail sentence.

Among EU member states France stood out well above the rest for the number of leave orders issued last year – French authorities issued 135,640 orders to leave in 2022, Eurostat revealed.

That was followed by Croatia (40,550) and then Greece (33,600). These three countries together accounted for almost half of third-country nationals ordered to leave the EU in 2022.

Other countries covered by The Local also issued thousands of orders to leave: Germany (32,860), Italy (28,185) and Austria (26,355) Sweden (14,885) Spain (10,805), Switzerland (5,530), Norway (3,560) and Denmark (2,450).

The largest increase among these countries was recorded by Italy (+154 percent), Austria (+130 percent) and Spain (+138 percent).

For France, more than a third of leave orders (35 percent) were issued to Algerian nationals (27,295), some 10,490 were given to Moroccans and 10,265 Tunisians were ordered to leave in 2022 – Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia also represent the largest non-EU migrant groups in France, so the statistics are in line with population trends.

Returned from France to another country

However, all countries reported a big difference between the number of people ordered to leave and the number who were actually returned to another country.

In part this can be accounted for by people either leaving voluntarily after being served a notice to quit or succesfully challenging the notice, but there are also problems with enforcement of orders to quit.

France has recently seen several scandals around people committing serious crimes – including murder – who had been served notice to leave the country but had simply stayed on illegally.

Of the 135,640 orders issued, French authorities returned just 14,235 people in 2022 compared to 11,630 in 2021.

Among the 14,235 people returned by France, the largest groups were from Albania (2,365), Algeria (2,360), Georgia (1,180) Tunisia and Morocco (1,065 each). France and Morocco spent several years in a political stand-off over repatriation – with France in 2022 refusing to issue new visas to Moroccan citizens because of what it says was a refusal of Morocco to repatriate its citizens from France.

The number for all non-EU citizens returned across the EU was 95,575 in 2022 compared to 80,455 in 2021, a rise of 18 percent.

UK citizens post-Brexit

In contrast to its high number of orders to quit for all non-EU nationals, France appears to have taken a more relaxed approach to UK nationals, with a relatively low number of Brits ordered to leave, despite France having one of the biggest populations of Brits in the EU.

Some 1,270 UK citizens were ordered to leave EU countries in 2022, 5 percent fewer than in 2021. In total, 2,610 British nationals were ordered to leave EU countries since Brexit including 115 from France.

That number includes 40 British citizens ordered to leave in 2021 and another 75 in 2022.

Sweden remains the toughest country towards UK nationals, with the largest number of leaver orders in 2022 (385), although these almost halved compared to 2021 (715). Some 1,100 Brits have been ordered to leave Sweden since Brexit with 800 actually having been expelled.

When it comes to actually returning British citizens following orders to leave – just 45 were returned from France in 2022 compared to 25 the previous year.

The data does not provide reasons for expulsions, so it is not possible to know whether this is related to a failure to complete post-Brexit paperwork or other reasons such as having committed a serious crime in France.

US citizens

The number of US citizens ordered to leave EU countries slightly increased in 2022 reaching 1,720 compared to 1,690 in 2021. The majority was reported in the Netherlands (1,060 and 980 respectively).

France ordered 100 US citizens to leave in 2022, a similar number to 2021.

As regards the countries covered by The Local, Sweden ordered 170 US citizens to depart in 2022; Norway 135 compared to 795 the previous year; Germany 35 Denmark and Italy 25, Spain 10 and Austria 10.

Only 450 US citizens were returned to another country, and 10 from Norway, with the Netherlands accounting for only 65, Sweden 95, Norway 70, Austria 90, France 20, Denmark and Germany 15, Spain 10 and Italy and Switzerland zero.

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Mythbuster: Can you really 'cheat' the Schengen 90-day rule?

If you’re the citizen of a non-EU country and you want to spend long periods in the EU/Schengen zone, you will need a visa.

But citizens of certain countries – including the US, Canada, Australia and the UK – benefit from the ’90-day rule’, which allows you to travel visa free within the Schengen zone for 90 days out of every 180.

Anyone wanting to spend longer than this will need a visa or residency card.

So a simple enough rule, and for most travellers 90 days out of every 180 is perfectly adequate for holidays, family visits etc.

However some groups – especially second-home owners – might want to spend longer than this.

For Brits, entering the world of the 90-day rule is a recent development, since before Brexit Brits were EU citizens and therefore benefited from EU freedom of movement.

The harsh reality of the post-Brexit world has prompted a steady stream of articles in UK media (examples pictured below) promising ’90-day loopholes’ or ‘how to beat the 90-day rule’ (scroll to the end of this article for what the below ‘loopholes’ really entail).

But do these so-called loopholes really exist?

Despite the claims in the headlines, there are really only three options for non-EU citizens wanting to spend time in the EU – limit their stays to 90 days in every 180 (which still adds up to six months over the course of a year); get a short-stay visitor visa (if the country offers them like France does); or move to an EU country full-time and become a resident.

All of the advertised tricks, dodges and loopholes are really just variations on these three options.

Limit stays to 90 days

Advantages – the big advantage of this method is no paperwork. You can travel visa free and there is no requirement to register with authorities in the country you are visiting (although second home owners will of course have to pay property taxes and other local taxes in the area where their property is located).

In this scenario you retain residency in your home country and are simply a visitor in the EU – a status identical to that of a tourist.

Disadvantages – the time limit is too short for many people and there is also the problem that stays are limited to 90 days in every 180. Although over the course of a year this adds up to six months, you cannot take your six months all in one go – so for example spending the winter in Spain and the summer in the UK is no longer possible. Likewise travelling to your French holiday home for four months over the summer is no longer an option.

It’s up to you to keep track of your 90 days, which you can use as either one long trip or multiple short trips. The 90-day limit is calculated on a rolling calendar and keeping track of the days and making sure you have not exceeded your limit can be stressful.

As a visitor, you have no rights to enter the country if the borders close (as, for example, happened during the pandemic).

Short-stay visa – if country offers them

If you want to remain a resident in your home country but don’t want to be constrained by the 90-day rule, you might be able to get a short-stay visitor visa if they are an option. Visas are issued on a national level, there is no such thing as an EU-wide visa, so you will need to apply for a visa in the country where you want to stay.

Different EU countries have different visas, but most (including France although not Italy) offer a short-stay visitor visa (usually six months) that gives you the status of a visitor, but allows you to stay for longer than 90 days.

Advantages – no more counting the days, for the period when your visa is valid you can stay for as long as you like in the country of your choice. By maintaining your residency in your home country, you don’t have to register with authorities in the EU country and won’t be liable for residency-based taxes.

Disadvantages – visa paperwork can be complicated and the process is time-consuming and sometimes expensive (most countries require an in-person visit to the consulate as part of the process). You also need to plan in advance as visas take several weeks or months to be issued.

A visitor visa usually requires proof of financial means, so this is not available to people on very low incomes.

You are still classed as a visitor, so have no rights to enter the country if the borders close (as, for example, happened during the pandemic).

If you are spending a significant amount of time each year out of your home country, this might also affect your tax status, depending on the rules of your home country around ‘tax residency’ (which is not the same as residency for immigration purposes).

Move to an EU country

If you were accustomed to splitting your time roughly equally between your second home and your home country, you might want to consider becoming a resident in the EU.

Advantages – as a resident, you are no longer constrained by the 90-day rule in the country in which you live. The rule does, however, apply to other EU countries. So if for example you are a Brit resident in France, there are no limits on the amount of time you can spend in France. However the 90-day rule does still apply for trips to Italy, Spain, Germany and all other EU/Schengen zone countries. In practice, border checks while travelling within the Schengen zone are pretty light touch, but technically the rule still applies.

You can of course pay unlimited visits to your home country, provided you maintain your citizenship.

Disadvantages – moving countries involves a lot of paperwork. The process varies slightly depending on the country and your personal situation but in general you will first need to get a visa (which must be applied for from your home country, before you move) and then on arrival will usually need to undergo extra admin to validate the visa and register with local authorities. You might also be required to undergo a medical examination and take classes in the national language.

Depending on the type of visa you apply for, you may also need to provide proof of financial means, which disadvantages people on low incomes.

You will also need to register for healthcare under the system of the country you live in, and may be required to either pay taxes or at least complete an annual tax declaration in the country you live in.

Admin is not a one-off event either, most countries require you to regularly renew your visa or residency card. Being officially resident abroad will likely also affect your tax status and access to healthcare in your home country, while your pension entitlements may also be affected.

Can’t we just ignore the 90-day rule?

As a responsible publication, The Local obviously doesn’t advise breaking any laws, but aside from the moral issue, the practicalities of the 90-day rule make it a difficult one to get around.

If you’re not working or claiming benefits most EU countries are unlikely to even notice that you have over-stayed, and the prospect of police knocking on your door is pretty remote.

However, the problem arises when you need to travel, as border guards will likely spot that you arrived in the EU more than 90 days previously and have no visa. Penalties for over-stayers include fines, deportation and ‘over-stay’ stamps in your passport that will make future travel more difficult.

Planned changes to EU border controls (due to come into effect in 2024) will tighten up these checks.

So in short you could over-stay your 90-days but only if you were prepared to never leave the Schengen zone. And if you’re now living here full time there will come a day when you need to access healthcare or other social benefits and that will be difficult if you do not have an official status as a resident.

All EU countries have undocumented migrants living in them, often working illegally on a cash-in-hand basis, but their existence is precarious, they are ripe for exploitation and often live in poverty. We wouldn’t recommend it.

PS: Those ‘loopholes’ promised in the articles above? The couple in the Telegraph got a visa and moved to France full time, where they are now residents. They told the paper: “The visa process took 9 to 10 months – we had thought it might take three. Yet we think our new life is wonderful and more than worth all the effort.”

The travel influencer mentioned in The Sun simply limits her stays in the Schengen zone to 90 days out of the every 180, but instead of returning to the UK for the rest of the time, she goes to Bulgaria (which is not part of the Schengen zone).

Truly, there are no loopholes . . .

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