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GERMAN CITIZENSHIP

How could Germany’s planned reforms to citizenship law change?

Critics of the German coalition government’s plans to relax citizenship law have been making proposals to change it - including tightening employment requirements and introducing an antisemitism test.

Published: 10 March 2023 17:03 CET
Updated: 18 March 2023 15:04 CET

A German passport. Photo: picture alliance/dpa | Fabian Sommer

Germany’s coalition government will soon be putting its proposed changes to citizenship law before the German parliament.

As The Local has been reporting, the draft bill aims to make naturalisation easier by allowing dual citizenship, cutting the required period of residence from eight to five years and enabling high achievers to become German after just three years.

But as the government works on finishing off the draft, opponents of the proposed relaxed citizenship law are gearing up to put forward their proposed changes.

A secure livelihood

The current draft of the bill states that applicants for German citizenship should be able to secure their own livelihood without the need for support from state benefits such as Bürgergeld or housing benefits.

However, in the opinion of some politicians, this is too lenient.

Federal Justice Minister Marco Buschmann (FDP) told Welt am Sonntag: “The requirement must be clear: To acquire German citizenship, someone must be able to live permanently from their own gainful employment.”

In a joint paper, Free Democrat (FDP) politicians Stephan Thomae and Konstantin Kuhle demanded that naturalisation should only be granted to “those who can earn their own living and provide for their family.” Any exceptions to this rule, they say, should be scrapped.

The current citizenship law allows someone to be naturalised even if they are not able to support themselves and their dependents, “for reasons of public interest or to avoid particular hardship” and the draft law plans to keep this exception.

The CDU/CSU in the Bundestag has also come up with a concrete proposal to ensure that only those in gainful employment can apply for German citizenship.

Parliamentary group vice president Andrea Lindholz (CSU) said that this should be expressed even more clearly in the citizenship law. “The law should include the prerequisites that naturalisation will in principle only be possible in the future if the foreigner has been continuously employed for the previous 24 months and an adequate old-age pension can be expected at the time of naturalization,” she said.

The words “Agentur für Arbeit” (work agency) on the building of the Federal Employment Agency in the city of Oldenburg, Lowe Saxony. Photo: picture alliance/dpa | Hauke-Christian Dittrich

“We do not want immigration into the social systems. A prerequisite for naturalisation must therefore also be a certain degree of economic integration,” she added.

In defence of the draft bill, Hakan Demir, SPD expert on citizenship law, told WELT: “Already now, securing a livelihood is a prerequisite for naturalisation.” Justified exceptions for people who are not responsible for receiving social benefits themselves are “pragmatic and allow the authorities to do justice to the situation in individual cases,” he said.

According to Demir, the exceptions apply, for example, to people who become unemployed as a result of their employer’s insolvency, who are caring for relatives in need of care, or who cannot fully cover their living expenses because of education.

“None of these cases should result in people, who after all must otherwise have fulfilled all other requirements, being prevented from naturalization.”

Adherence to the basic law

According to the current draft law, naturalisation is out of the question if the foreigner “shows by his or her behaviour that he or she does not accept the equal rights of men and women laid down in the Basic Law”.

These can include “anti-Semitic, racist, xenophobic or other inhumanely motivated actions incompatible with the human dignity guarantee of the Basic Law”.

But, according to a recent report in BILD, the FDP is urging that this requirement be sharpened up and it wants anti-Semitism to become an exclusion criterion for naturalisations.

For this, they suggest an anti-Semitism test be carried out before naturalisation and that there should be a detailed examination of whether applicants have ever taken part in anti-Semitic demonstrations or are members of an anti-constitutional organisation.

FDP Secretary-General Bijan Djir-Sarai said: “Anyone who does not accept our values cannot be naturalised.” A “genuine declaration of loyalty to the Basic Law” is extremely important, he said.

The FDP is also proposing citizenship applicants take an oath to confirm allegiance to the principles of the basic law.

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EXPLAINED: What I was asked about in my German citizenship test

If you’re anything like me, sitting any kind of exam always feels daunting, even if it’s one you’ve heard isn’t too difficult to pass.

The silent rooms, the ticking clocks, the invigilator at the front of the room – the whole experience takes me back to my school years, conjuring up memories of being the person who struggled to finish in time and who inevitably failed to notice those ten extra questions on the back of the exam.

Luckily, though, the German citizenship test isn’t too much like exams I’ve taken in the past. Though the stakes are admittedly high, the pressure somehow felt much, much lower.

For starters, you don’t have to worry about getting an impressive grade in your German citizenship test – though of course it’s nice to do well. Your results are either a “pass” or a “fail”, and the bar to hit in order to pass is a 50 percent success rate.

That means that, out of 33 questions in total, you only have to get 17 right in order to pass the test. And to make things even simpler, the questions are multiple choice – so if you’re really stuck, you still have a chance of striking lucky if you tick any of the four potential answers.

So when I arrived to sit my citizenship test in Berlin’s Treptow-Köpenick district on Thursday, the nerves weren’t too overwhelming. In fact, my biggest worry was that I had forgotten some minor administrative hurdle and would be sent home with a stern expression and told to rebook in six months’ time.

Thankfully, after showing my passport and putting my initials on a little attendance form, I was allowed into the exam room at the Volkshochschule – and then it was simply a case of listening to some simple instructions, shutting away my phone in my backpack and waiting to take the test.

Before the exam started, the invigilator let us know that we’d all be given a different selection of questions, so there was no point in trying to see what anyone else was doing.

That said, there are common themes – and questions – that tend to come up time and time again. Here’s how my exam went down.

What you need to know for the German citizenship test

From taking a few practice exams before sitting the citizenship test, I’d say my experience was pretty typical in terms of difficulty and the make-up of the questions and topics that crop up.

The test consists of 33 questions that are picked from a catalogue of 310. Of these, 30 questions will be about Germany in general – anything from politics to day-to-day life – and these will be picked from 300 possible questions on an array of different themes.

New German citizens gather for a naturalisation ceremony in Frankfurt am Main. Photo: picture alliance/dpa | Frank Molter

The final three questions will be related to the federal state you live in – in my case, Berlin. These are picked from a possible 10, so this part is pretty easy to prep for.

Of course, it can be nerve-wracking not knowing what’s going to come up, but if you do enough practice questions you’ll realise that there are only really a limited number of topics that are covered. These are the main ones.

General Knowledge

Whether it’s the national anthem or Germany’s crest, having a basic knowledge of Germany’s national symbols and constitution is important for passing the citizenship test.

For instance, you might get asked to name the colours of the flag (in order), say who wrote the lyrics to the national anthem, or identify a picture of the Reichstag or the Bundesadler. You might also have some questions about the former eastern and western states.

Alternatively, you could also be asked about certain national holidays in Germany and a few of the cultural traditions behind them.

In my case, the questions weren’t too tricky for someone who’s lived in Germany for a little while. Here are five of the key ones I was asked:

What animal is on the German crest? (Eagle)
Which religion has shaped European and German culture? (Christianity)
What is ‘Pfingsten’? (A Christian public holiday)
For which celebration do people in Germany wear colourful costumes and masks? (Rosenmontag)
Which of the following states was previously in the DDR? (Thuringia)

History

Possibly the most daunting topic on the test, you can probably expect to get at least five or so questions relating to German history. But there’s no need to panic, since you’re not going to be asked to name the birthplace and birth year of some lesser-know monarch like König Otto.

In fact, from my experience, you can pretty much assume that most history questions will be related either to Nazi-era Germany, the Second World War or the DDR years. Here are a few of the questions that came up up for me:

What year did Adolf Hitler come to power in Germany? (1933)
What year was the Berlin Wall built? (1961)
What did the word “Monday demonstration” mean in Germany in 1989? (Demonstrations every Monday against the DDR regime.)
What did the term “Iron Curtain” refer to? (The Warsaw Pact against the West)
Who was the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany? (Konrad Adenauer)

If any of these seem tricky, it’s worth remembering that they are multiple choice questions, so you may see an answer that rings a bell. And, in the worst-case scenario, you may not do as well on this part of the test and simply need to find your 17 correct answers elsewhere.

Society and the Constitution

This part of the test generally involves various ways of asking whether Germany is a democracy and what kind of rights are enshrined in the Basic Law, such as the right to free speech and thought (Meinungsfreiheit) or the right to choose your own faith and religion.

You might also be asked questions that are designed to check whether you’re on board with some basic assumptions about, for example, the right to protest or the equal rights of different ethnicities or genders.

A woman takes her German citizenship. Photo: picture alliance/dpa | Lino Mirgeler

Here are a few of the questions that came up in my test:

Which of these rights is NOT enshrined in the Basic Law? (The right for everyone to have the same amount of money)
What is compatible with the German Basic Law? (Financial penalties / fines)
Two friends want to go to a public swimming pool in Germany. Both have dark skin and are therefore not allowed in. Which right is violated in this situation? (The right to be treated equally)

Daily Life

Anyone who’s lived in Germany for long enough to be applying for citizenship probably understands that life here involves doing things a certain way, and knowing that way can save you a lot of trouble in the long run.

That’s probably enough reason to freshen up your knowledge of admin and the more bureaucratic aspects of daily life before taking the citizenship test.

That said, you don’t have to have an encyclopaedic knowledge of every possible Amt there is to know about – and let’s face it, the majority of Germans don’t either. But it’s good to have a basic idea of the social security system, for example, or where to go if you need to register an address or claim a certain type of benefits.

Here are a few of the questions I was asked on this topic:

Where do you have to go first in Germany if you want to get married? (Standesamt)
What does the Career Information Center BIZ at the Federal Employment Agency in Germany help with? (Finding a job)
What do eligible citizens in Germany get before an election? (A voting slip from the municipality)

I was also shown four pictures of voting slips with various numbers of ticks in the first and second candidate boxes and asked to pick which of them would be accepted in a federal election. As you can imagine, the slip with one candidate ticked on each side of the ballot was correct.

Politics

Out of all the topics on the citizenship test, this is one that tends to crop up the most in various shapes and sizes – and you should be aware that you may not just be asked about national politics, but also about the federal states and even the EU as well.

If you read The Local regularly, you’re probably pretty clued up on this already – and you’re bound to know, for instance, that the current German chancellor is called Olaf Scholz.

The German flag flies in front of the dome of the Reichstag in Berlin. Photo: picture alliance / Soeren Stache/dpa | Soeren Stache

Otherwise, it’s a good idea to brush up a little on how the politic system works – i.e. how the chancellor and president are elected, the difference between the Bundesrat and Bundestag, and what state elections are called – if this is a weak area for you.

Here’s a selection of the slightly nerdy political questions that cropped up for me:

Who is responsible for electing the chancellor of Germany? (Bundestag)
What does the abbreviation CSU mean in Germany? (Christian Social Union)
What do you call members of parliament elected by the citizens? (Abgeordnete / Deputies)
In Germany, a change of government in a federal state can have an impact on the
federal policy. How? (Governing becomes harder if the government lose a majority in the Bundesrat)
Germany is a founding member of what? (The European Union)

Berlin

As mentioned, every citizenship test involves three questions related to the state you live in, which will mostly be basic questions about the state symbols, flags and political system.

The three questions I was asked about Berlin were as follows:

What colours are on the Berlin flag? (red and white)
What do you call the head of the government in Berlin? (Governing mayor)
The state parliament in Berlin is elected for how many years? (5)

I certainly didn’t know the answer to every single question on my test, but having a full hour gave me a good amount of time to check everything over – and I still l was left with more than half the time to spare.

So, take your time, brush up a few of your weak areas and don’t fret if there’s something you don’t know. There’s always a chance to find those 17 right answers elsewhere in the test.

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